Intersectional Psychology

Content Note: This episode discusses gender-based violence, rape culture, and femicide. Please take care of yourself while listening.

South Africa doesn’t just have a “violence problem.” It has a patriarchy problem.

In this episode, Aurora unpacks how gender-based violence is sustained — not only through individual perpetrators, but through systems: colonial legacies, racial capitalism, religious discourse, media narratives, workplace hierarchies, and everyday gender socialisation.

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🌈 If this episode resonates, please share it, rate the show, and send us your thoughts. 

📄 Download a transcript of this episode on IntersectionalPsychology.com.

⏳ Chapter Timestamps
| 00:00:00 Content note 
| 00:00:24 Pre-credit teaser 
| 00:02:08 Land acknowledgement
| 00:02:36 Title credits: Patriarchy, gender-based violence, and the architecture of fear in South Africa 
| 00:03:00 Welcome and introduction
| 00:04:53 Patriarchy as a system, not a personality flaw
| 00:06:14 “#MenAreTrash” and why “#NotAllMen” misses the point
| 00:08:58 Toxic gendering starts early — and it stays loyal 
| 00:11:05 Colonial patriarchy vs African patriarchy: a false binary
| 00:14:28 Calling out offenders: Justice, risk, and survival
| 00:17:37 Religion: Tool of control or site of resistance? 
| 00:24:16 Patriarchal institutions and structures
| 00:31:34 Media, fear, and the psychology of spectacle 
| 00:35:11 GBV as a racial and class phenomenon 
| 00:39:08 What do we do with all this?
| 00:43:00 End credits

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References 
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Adisa, T.A., Cooke, F.L. and Iwowo, V. (2020) 'Mind your attitude: the impact of patriarchy on women’s workplace behaviour', Career Development International, 25(2), pp. 146-164 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-07-2019-0183 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Akala, B.M. (2018) 'Challenging Gender Equality in SA Transformation Policies - a Case of the White Paper: A Programme for the Transformation of Higher Education', SA Journal of Higher Education, 32(3), pp. 226-48. Available at: https://doi.org/10.20853/32-3-1521 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Bhana, D., Moosa, S., Xu, Y., and Emilsen, K. (2022) 'Men in early childhood education and care: on navigating a gendered terrain', European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 30(4), pp. 543–556 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2022.2074070 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Boonzaier, F. (2014) 'Talking against dominance. SA women resisting dominant discourse in narratives of violence', in Lafrance, M.N. and McKenzie-Mohr, S. (eds.), Creating counter-stories: Women voicing resistance, pp. 102–120. Routledge Press.
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Coetzee, A. and du Toit, L. (2018) 'Facing the sexual demon of colonial power: Decolonising sexual violence in South Africa', European Journal of Women’s Studies, 25(2), pp. 214-227 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506817732589 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
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du Toit, L. (2014b) 'Human rights discourse: friend or foe of African women's sexual freedoms?', Acta Academica, 46(4), pp. 49-70.
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Dunham, C.C. and Flores-Yeffal, N.Y. (2019) 'Household Decision-Making Between Older Adult Women and Men in the Western Cape of South Africa', Gender Issues 36(3), pp. 253–268 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-018-9220-6 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
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Fakunmoju, S.B., Abrefa-Gyan, T., Maphosa, N. and Gutura, P. (2021) 'Rape Myth Acceptance: Gender and Cross-National Comparisons Across the United States, South Africa, Ghana, and Nigeria', Sexuality & Culture, 25(1), pp. 18–38 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09755-z (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Fakunmoju, S.B. and Rasool, S. (2018) 'Exposure to Violence and Beliefs About Violence Against Women Among Adolescents in Nigeria and South Africa', Reproductive Health in Sub-Saharan Africa, 8(4), pp. 1-17 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018817591 (Accessed 21 July 2024) 
Gqola, P.D. (2015) Rape: A SA Nightmare. Johannesburg: MF Books.
Gqola, P.D. (2021) Female Fear Factory: Gender and Patriarchy Under Racial Capitalism. Johannesburg: MF Books.
Gouws, A. (2022) 'Rape is endemic in South Africa. Why the ANC government keeps missing the mark', The Conversation [online]. 4 August 2022. Available at: https://theconversation.com/rape-is-endemic-in-south-africa-why-the-anc-government-keeps-missing-the-mark-188235 (Accessed 23 July 2024)
Haddad, B. (2004) 'The Manyano Movement in South Africa: Site of Struggle, Survival, and Resistance', Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 61, Religion & Spirituality, pp. 4-13 [online]. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066591 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Inggs, J. (2021) 'Weak or Wily? Girls' Voices in Tellings and Retellings of African Folktales for Children', Children's Literature Education, 52(3), pp. 342–356 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10583-020-09421-w (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Jakobsen, W. T. and Pillay, M. N. (2022) 'Re-membering Tutu’s liberation theology: Toward gender justice from theo-ethical feminist perspectives', Anglican Theological Review, 104(3), pp. 330-340 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/00033286221079226 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Jarvis, J. (2020) 'Empathetic-Reflective-Dialogical Restorying for decolonisation: an emancipatory teaching-learning strategy for Religion Education', British Journal of Religious Education, 43(1), pp. 68–79 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2020.1831439 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Khelghat-Doost, H. and Sibly, S. (2020) 'The Impact of Patriarchy on Women's Political Participation', International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(3), pp. 396–409 [online]. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i3/7058 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Lecoutere, E. and Wuyts, E. (2021) 'Confronting the Wall of Patriarchy: Does Participatory Intrahousehold Decision Making Empower Women in Agricultural Households?', Journal of Development Studies, 57(6), pp. 882-905 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2020.1849620 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Mayeza, E., Bhana, D. and Mulqueeny, D. (2021) 'Normalising violence? Girls and sexuality in a SA high school', Journal of Gender Studies, 31(2), pp. 165-177 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2021.1881460 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Mayson, C. (2004) 'A New Re-Formation: Religion, the State and Gender', Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 61, Religion & Spirituality, pp. 53-59 [online]. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066600 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Mfecane, S. (2020) 'Decolonising Men and Masculinities Research in South Africa', SA Review of Sociology, 51(2), pp. 1-15 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/21528586.2020.1803763 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Mitchell, L.M. (2023) 'Hashtag Activism and #MeToo in South Africa: Mobilisation, Impact, and Intersectional Feminism', in Cheema, I.S. (ed.), The Other #MeToos. New York: Oxford Academic [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197619872.003.0008 (Accessed 23 July 2024)
Mokwena, M. (2004) Interrogating Traditional African Spirituality through a Gendered Lens', Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 61, Religion & Spirituality, pp. 86-91 [online]. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066608 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Molefe, L. (2004) 'Turning up the Volume on Gender Equity', Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 61, Religion & Spirituality, p. 25 [online]. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066594 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Moothoo-Padayachie, N., Verity, C.L., Nadar, S., Indlovu, L.A., Mvambo-Dandala, N., Scott, A., Hassim, S. and Bell, D. (2004) 'Women Reclaiming Their Spiritual Spaces', Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 61, Religion & Spirituality, pp. 42-52 [online]. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066598 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Mshweshwe, L. (2020) 'Understanding domestic violence: masculinity, culture, traditions', Heliyon, 6(10) [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05334 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Naicker, V. (2023) 'The problem of epistemological critique in contemporary Decolonial theory', Social Dynamics, 49(2), pp. 220–241 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2023.2226497 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Ndlazi, T. (2004) 'Men in Church Institutions and Religious Organisations the Role of Christian Men in Transforming Gender Relations and Ensuring Gender Equality', Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 61, Religion & Spirituality, pp. 62-65 [online]. Available at: http://www.jstor.com/stable/4066602 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Ogunyemi, C.B. (2019) 'Phallocentrism versus Feminism: A (Re)-Conceptualisation of Afrocentrism in African Subjectivity', Africa Insight, 49(1), pp. 112-121 [online]. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-17a0ae6cdb (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Phiri, I. (2004) 'African women's theologies in the new millennium', Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 61, Religion & Spirituality, pp. 16–24 [online]. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4066593 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Prah, E. and Maggott, T. (2020) 'The role of feminisms in building a transformation framework for institutions of higher learning in South Africa', Social Dynamics, 46(3), pp. 515–539 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2020.1858541 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
Quayle, M., Lindegger, G., Brittain, K., Nabee, N. and Cole, C. (2018) 'Women's ideals for masculinity across social contexts: patriarchal agentic masculinity is valued in work, family, and romance but communal masculinity in friendship', Sex Roles, 78(1), pp. 52-66 [online]. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/%2010.1007/s11199-017-0772-9 (Accessed 21 July 2024)
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Sikweyiya, Y., Addo-Lartey, A.A., Alangea, D.O., Dako-Gyeke, P., Chirwa, E.D., Coker-Appiah, D., Adanu, R.M.K. and Jewkes, R.  (2020) 'Patriarchy and gender-inequitable attitudes as drivers of intimate partner violence against women in the central region of Ghana', BMC Public Health 20, 682 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08825-z (Accessed 21 July 2024)
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Content Note: This episode discusses masculinity, power, and gender-based violence at a structural and analytical level. There are no graphic descriptions, but some themes may be challenging. Please take care of yourself while listening.

Masculinity is often treated as a personality trait — something individual men have or don’t have, something that can be improved with better intentions.

In this episode of Intersectional Psychology, we take a different approach.

Drawing on feminist, decolonial, and African scholarship, we explore masculinity as a social structure — a hierarchy that organises power, normalises silence, and continues to shape institutions, relationships, and everyday life, even when men see themselves as “good people.”

🎁 Support the podcast and get exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/IntersectionalPsychology.

🌈 If this episode resonates, please share it, rate the show, and send us your thoughts. 

📄 Download a transcript of this episode on IntersectionalPsychology.com.

⏳ Chapter Timestamps
00:00:00 Pre-credit teaser 
00:01:42 Land acknowledgement
00:02:10 Title credits: Masculinities, power, and the myths of the "Good Guy"?
00:02:32 Welcome and introduction
00:04:11 What do we mean by "masculinity"?
00:05:31 Hegemonic masculinity: The gold standard?
00:07:38 Complicit masculinity: The "good guys"?
00:09:44 Marginalised masculinity: Power without privilege
00:11:54 Subordinate masculinity: Policed and punished
00:13:59 Ratele and the decolonial turn
00:15:46 Violence, gender, and accountability
00:17:16 Alternative masculinities: Yes, they exist
00:21:30 End credits

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What happens when feminism is treated as universal — despite emerging from very unequal histories and contexts?

In this episode of Intersectional Psychology, I compare Anglo-American feminism and African feminisms, asking what gets lost when Western feminist frameworks are exported as the default lens for understanding gender, power, and justice.

Drawing on African feminist scholarship and decolonial theory, this episode explores how feminism looks different when it is shaped by colonial histories, economic inequality, community-based survival, and collective responsibility — rather than liberal individualism.

🎁 Support the podcast and get exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/IntersectionalPsychology.

🌈 If this episode resonates, please share it, rate the show, and send us your thoughts. 

📄 Download a transcript of this episode on IntersectionalPsychology.com.

⏳ Chapter Timestamps
00:00:00 Pre-credit teaser 
00:01:22 Land acknowledgement 
00:01:50 Title credits 
00:02:17 Introduction to African vs Anglo-American feminism
00:04:18 Anglo-American feminism: Who is it really for? 
00:07:42 The problem with universal womanhood 
00:09:46 African feminism: Context is not optional 
00:13:15 Why Anglo-American feminism still falls short 
00:16:18 Intersectionality: Why this is personal 
00:17:55 South Africa, apartheid, and compounded oppression 
00:22:28 Why African feminism matters 
00:26:32 End credits

Stay connected
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📮 Got feedback or questions? Reach out at @IntersectionalPsychology or IntersectionalPsychologyPod[@]gmail.com

You can contribute to the Palestine Children's Relief Fund at https://www.pcrf.net/ 

References 
Ahmed, S. (2000). Whose Counting? Feminist Theory, 1(1), pp. 97-103 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/14647000022229083 (Accessed 10 July 2024)

Bakare-Yusuf, B. (2003). Beyond Determinism: The Phenomenology of African Female Existence. Feminist Africa, 2 [online]. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/48724973 (Accessed 10 July 2024)

Bakare-Yusuf, B. (2004) '"Yoruba's don't do gender": A critical review of Oyeronke Oyěwùmí's The Invention of Women: Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses', in Arnfred et al. (2004) African Gender Scholarship: Concepts, Methodologies and Paradigms. Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.

Camminga, B. (2020) 'Disregard and danger: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and the voices of trans (and cis) African feminists', The Sociological Review, 68(4), pp. 817-833. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026120934695 (Accessed 10 July 2024)

Carrera-Fernández, M. V., & DePalma, R. (2020). Feminism will be trans-inclusive or it will not be: Why do two cis-hetero woman educators support transfeminism? The Sociological Review, 68(4), pp. 745-762 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026120934686 (Accessed 10 July 2024)

Connell, R.W. (1985) 'Theorising gender', Sociology, 19(2), pp. 260-272.

Crenshaw, K. (1991) 'Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Colour', Stanford Law Review, 43(6), pp. 1241-1299 [online]. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1229039 (Accessed 10 July 2024)

DiAngelo, R. (2018) White fragility: why it's so hard to talk to white people about racism. Boston: Beacon Press.

Dosekun, S. (2019) 'African feminisms', in Yacob-Haliso, O. & Falola, T. (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of African Women’s Studies [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77030-7_58-1 (Accessed 10 July 2024)

Eddo-Lodge, R. (2017) Why I'm No Longer Talking to White People about Race. London: Bloomsbury Circus.

Garutsa, T.C. & Nekhwevha, F. (2019) 'Decreasing Reliance of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Rural Households: The Case of Khambashe, Eastern Cape, South Africa', Africa Insight, 49(1) [online]. Available at: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ai/article/view/188718 (Accessed 10 July 2024)

Gqola, P.D. (2001) 'Defining people: Analysing power, language and representation in metaphors of the New South Africa', Transformation 47, pp. 94-106 [online]. Available at: https://www.africabib.org/htp.php?RID=P00021717 (Accessed 10 July 2024)

Gqola, P.D. (2005) 'Through Zanele Muholi's eyes: re/imagining ways of seeing Black lesbians', in Tamale, S. (ed.) African Sexualities: A Reader. Wantage: Pambazuka Press. pp. 622-629.

Hill Collins, P. (1996) What's in a Name? Womanism, Black Feminism, and Beyond', The Black Scholar, 26(1), pp. 9-17 [online]. Paradigm Publishers. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41068619 (Accessed 10 July 2024)

Kisiang'ani, E.N.W. (2004) 'Decolonising Gender Studies in Africa', in Arnfred et al. (2004) African Gender Scholarship: Concepts, Methodologies and Paradigms. Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.

Lewis, D. (2004) 'African Gender Research and Postcoloniality: Legacies and Challenges', in Arnfred et al. (2004) African Gender Scholarship: Concepts, Methodologies and Paradigms. Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.

Lewis, D. (2001) 'Introduction: African Feminisms', in Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 2001, No. 50, African Feminisms One, pp. 4-10 [online]. Taylor & Francis. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066401 (Accessed 10 July 2024)

Lewis, D. (2011) 'Representing African sexualities', in Tamale, S. (ed.) African Sexualities: A reader, pp. 199-216. Wantage: Pambazuka Press.

Mazibuko, M. (2020) 'Being a Feminist in the Fallist Movement in Contemporary South Africa', Critical Times, 3(3), pp. 488–495 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1215/26410478-8662368 (Accessed 10 July 2024)

Mbugua, A. (2011) 'Gender dynamics: a transsexual overview', in Tamale, S. (ed.) African Sexualities: A Reader, pp. 238-246. Wantage: Pambazuka Press.

Msimang, S. (2002) 'Introduction: African Feminisms II: Reflections on Politics Made Personal', Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 54, pp. 3-15 [online]. Taylor & Francis. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4548069 (Accessed 10 July 2024)

Nkealah, N. (2017) 'Cameline Agency: A New Agenda for Social Transformation in South African Women’s Writing 2012–2014', Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa, 29(2), pp. 121-130. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1013929X.2017.1347426 (Accessed 10 July 2024)

Oyěwùmí, O. (2004) 'Conceptualising Gender: Eurocentric Foundations of Feminist Concepts and the Challenge of African Epistemologies', in Arnfred et al. (2004) African Gender Scholarship: Concepts, Methodologies and Paradigms. Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.

Oyěwùmí, O. (1997) The Invention of Women: Making an African sense of Western gender discourses. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Saad, L.F. (2020) Me and White Supremacy: Combat Racism, Change the World, and Become a Good Ancestor. Naperville: Sourcebooks.

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This mini episode shares updates for Intersectional Psychology in 2026, including a new biweekly release schedule, ongoing Patreon benefits, and a preview of upcoming series on GBV, disability, democracy, climate justice, migration, and the return of Intersectional Scenes.

🎁 Support the podcast and get exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/IntersectionalPsychology.

📄 Download a transcript of this episode on IntersectionalPsychology.com.

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📮 Got feedback or questions? Reach out at @IntersectionalPsychology or IntersectionalPsychologyPod[@]gmail.com

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Season 3 of Intersectional Psychology focuses on trans and gender-diverse healthcare, rights, and resistance, with a particular emphasis on South Africa and the African continent. This episode challenges myths and centres lived experience, offering evidence-based insight and a clear-eyed look at the political realities shaping care and access today.

🎁 Support the podcast and get exclusive bonus content at Patreon.com/IntersectionalPsychology.

🌈 If this episode resonates, please share it, rate the show, and send us your thoughts. 

📄 Download a transcript of this episode on IntersectionalPsychology.com.

⏳ Chapter Timestamps
00:00:00 Land acknowledgement 
00:00:28 Title credits 
00:01:09 Introduction to transgender health and rights 
00:02:02 The actual access to gender-affirming health care (GAHC) 
00:04:49 Affirmation is the first step 
00:06:41 Non-medical gender-affirming practices 
00:11:19 It goes all the way to the top! 
00:14:40 What is hormone therapy in GAHC actually? 
00:20:26 What is gender-affirming surgery actually? 
00:22:31 Exporting "Eden": God, guns, and glossy pamphlets in Africa 
00:30:11 Platforms of harm, laws of hope
00:33:12 The Gospel according to gaslight
00:41:01 Receipts, resistance, and raising hell
00:51:43 Don't feed the trolls, but don't starve yourself either
00:56:54 Love, families, and finding your people
01:00:11 End credits

Stay connected to Aurora and Intersectional Psychology
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You can contribute to the Palestine Children's Relief Fund at https://www.pcrf.net/ 

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